![]() 2001) and increased arterial wall stiffness (Khorram et al. 2012), endothelial dysfunction (Goodfellow et al. Several studies utilizing these IUGR animal models have reported changes to vascular smooth muscle responsiveness (Williams et al. ![]() Maternal dietary manipulations, such as a food restriction (FR) diet, are used to imitate this condition in animal studies (Williams et al. In the developing world, maternal malnutrition is the major cause of IUGR, resulting from lasting nutrient deficiency of the pregnant mother negatively affecting the growing fetus (Bergmann et al. A bilateral uterine vessel ligation surgery restriction (SR) is often used to mimic this condition in animal studies (Wlodek et al. 1998).Ī common cause of IUGR in Western society is uteroplacental insufficiency, occurring when remodeling of placental spiral arteries is incomplete thus, reducing both nutrient and oxygen availability to the developing fetus (Khong et al. IUGR is a manifestation of several maternal, paternal and fetal factors, arising from genetic or environmental issues, resulting in poor growth of the developing fetus (Peleg et al. Results from this study suggest that IUGR alters the mesenteric artery reactivity due to a decrease in maximum Ca 2+‐activated force, and likely contributed to by a reduction in contractile protein and receptor/channel content in 6‐month‐old male rats, while female WKY rats appear to be protected.Įpidemiological and experimental studies have recognized that IUGR or the failure of an infant to achieve their genetic potential for growth are prone to developing diseases in later life, including cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and coronary heart disease (Barker 1994 Gluckman and Hanson 2004 McMillen and Robinson 2005). Segments of mesenteric artery were analyzed using Western blotting revealed IUGR reduced the relative abundance of important receptor and contractile proteins in male growth restricted rats ( P ≤ 0.05), suggesting a potential phenotypic switch, whilst no changes were observed in females. Vascular responsiveness was unchanged between female experimental groups. ![]() Peak responsiveness to a K +‐induced depolarization was decreased ( P ≤ 0.05) due to a reduction in maximum Ca 2+‐activated force ( P ≤ 0.05) in both male growth restricted experimental groups. At 6‐months of age, vascular responsiveness of intact mesenteric arteries was studied, before chemically permeabilization using 50 μmol/L β‐escin to investigate Ca 2+‐activated force. Pregnant female WKY rats were randomly assigned to either a control (C N = 9) or food restriction diet ( FR 40% of control N = 11) at gestational day‐15 or underwent a bilateral uterine vessel ligation surgery restriction ( SR N = 10) or a sham surgery control model ( SC N = 12) on day‐18 of gestation. This study investigated the effects of IUGR on Ca 2+‐activated force production, contractile protein expression, and a potential phenotypic switch in the resistance mesenteric artery of both male and female Wistar‐Kyoto ( WKY) rats following two different growth restriction models. – John - Apr.Intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR) is known to alter vascular smooth muscle reactivity, but it is currently unknown whether these changes are driven by downstream events that lead to force development, specifically, Ca 2+‐regulated activation of the contractile apparatus or a shift in contractile protein content. I can’t wait to see the joy on my mother’s face when the poster is unveiled!" I recently made a 20x30 poster image from 192 photos for my mother’s 90th Birthday using the latest version of Posterino, and for the first time, the poster making experience was a true delight and I was able to make a great poster quickly, making all the adjustments I desired easily and intuitively. I've done many posters as gifts for friends and family over the last 15 years using several applications. This is very important in large posters with hundreds of photos.įinally, it is very easy and intuitive to pan/zoom individual photos within the Posterino defined frames. It automagically makes an attractive tiled poster of any number of images, and supports sorting the photos in a variety of ways, including by filename, so you can establish whatever sequence you want in your photo management software (like Lightroom) and maintain that sequence in Posterino. It enables you to easily and intuitively set poster size, dpi, photo borders and poster margins. "This app keeps getting better, and is now by far the best poster maker.
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